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Ed O'Brien

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For other people with the same name, see Edward O'Brien.

Ed O'Brien
O'Brien in 2017
O'Brien in 2017
Background information
Birth nameEdward John O'Brien
Also known asEOB
Born (1968-04-15) 15 April 1968 (age 56)
Oxford, England
GenresAlternative rock, experimental rock, electronic
Occupations
  • Musician
  • songwriter
Instruments
  • Guitar
  • vocals
Years active1985–present
LabelsXL, TBD, Capitol
Member ofRadiohead
Formerly of7 Worlds Collide

Edward John O'Brien (born 15 April 1968) is an English guitarist, songwriter, and member of the rock band Radiohead. He releases solo music under the name EOB.

O'Brien attended Abingdon School in Oxfordshire, England, where he formed Radiohead with schoolmates. O'Brien said his role was to "service the songs" and support the songwriter, Thom Yorke. He often creates ambient sounds and textures, using effects, sustain units and the EBow, and provides backing vocals.

With musicians including the Radiohead drummer, Philip Selway, O'Brien toured and recorded with the 7 Worlds Collide project in the 2000s. His first solo album, Earth, was released in 2020. O'Brien had been writing songs for years, but lacked confidence and felt their character would be lost with Radiohead. He began a North American tour in February 2020; a larger tour was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Rolling Stone named O'Brien among the greatest guitarists of all time in 2010 and 2023. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of Radiohead in 2019.

Early life

[edit]

O'Brien was born on April 15, 1968.[1] His family comes from Ballyporeen, Ireland.[2] As a child, O'Brien enjoyed cricket and theatre. His parents split when he was 10; O'Brien said this was when music became his "refuge".[3] He grew up listening to post-punk acts such as Siouxsie and the Banshees, Adam and the Ants, Depeche Mode, the Police and David Bowie. He said: "It was a very foetal [time] for music because people who went to art college or artists, or musicians, suddenly thought, 'Oh, I can be that.'"[4]

The members of Radiohead met while attending Abingdon School, an independent school for boys in Abingdon, Oxfordshire.[5] While O'Brien was playing Lysander in a school production of A Midsummer Night's Dream, he met Thom Yorke, who was scoring the production.[3] Yorke asked him to join him for a jam. According to O'Brien, "Before that, [life] was a bit confusing, a bit crap. And then suddenly ... I felt something very strong, almost like some kind of epiphany, almost like: 'This is it.'"[6]

One year below the drummer, Philip Selway, O'Brien was in the year above Yorke and the bassist, Colin Greenwood, and four years above Colin's brother, the guitarist Jonny Greenwood.[7] In 1985, they formed On a Friday, the name referring to their usual rehearsal day in the school's music room.[8] They continued to rehearse during holidays while the members attended university.[9] O'Brien studied economics at the University of Manchester,[1] where he took part in the Second Summer of Love.[10]

Career

[edit]

Radiohead

[edit]
Main article: Radiohead
O'Brien (left) performing with Radiohead in Amsterdam, May 2006

In 1991, On a Friday signed a record contract with EMI and changed their name to Radiohead.[11] They found early success with their debut single, "Creep", from their debut album, Pablo Honey (1993).[12] For their second album, The Bends (1995), the guitarists' roles were more divided, with Yorke generally playing rhythm, Greenwood lead and Ed O'Brien providing effects.[13] The Bends received positive reviews and elevated Radiohead's profile.[14]

Colin Greenwood, Jonny Greenwood, Ed O'Brien, and Phil Selway discussing OK Computer in 1997

Radiohead's third album, OK Computer (1997), brought them international fame and is often acclaimed as one of the best albums of all time.[15][16] OK Computer saw O'Brien use less distortion and more delay and other effects, creating a sound that was "more about textures".[17] O'Brien became depressed during the extensive OK Computer tour, but focused on supporting Yorke.[18] After the tour, he returned to Oxford, used large amounts of drugs and fell further into depression. He said: "I was single, on my own … I was the lowest I've ever been. It was the irony as well – you're at the top, that old cliché."[18]

Radiohead's next albums, Kid A (2000) and Amnesiac (2001), marked a dramatic change in sound, incorporating influences from electronic music, classical music, jazz and krautrock.[19] O'Brien initially struggled with the change, saying: "It's scary – everyone feels insecure. I'm a guitarist and suddenly it's like, well, there are no guitars on this track, or no drums."[20] He began using effects units more extensively to process his guitar, creating synthesiser-like sounds.[21] O'Brien kept an online diary of Radiohead's progress during the recording.[22]

During the sessions for In Rainbows (2007), O'Brien believed Radiohead might never record another album. He said later: "One of my mantras throughout the recording was, 'This is the last time I'm doing this. I'll never summon up the energy to do this again. So I'm going to put everything I can into it.'"[23] He was motivated by a desire to secure Radiohead's legacy as a great band, and said in 2008: "In my view, we've made three really great records, The Bends, OK Computer and Kid A. What we needed was another great record just to seal it."[23]

By 2011, Radiohead had sold more than 30 million albums worldwide.[24] They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in March 2019; O'Brien and Selway attended the induction ceremony and gave speeches. O'Brien thanked his bandmates for their musicianship and friendship, saying that "some of the nights we have in the rehearsal studio [are] like transcendental moments".[25]

In 2020, O'Brien said his role in Radiohead was to "service the songs" and support Yorke. He said: "I've always been like his older brother ... I always say that he was like the dad of the band and I'm the mum. My job was to always put my arm around him, and his job was to be Thom."[18] Radiohead's producer, Nigel Godrich, described O'Brien as "very much a diplomat".[26]

Solo work

[edit]
Main article: Earth (EOB album)

O'Brien releases solo music under the name EOB. After making demos with the producer Ian Davenport in 2014,[27] he recorded with the producer Flood from late 2017 to early 2019.[28] He had written songs for years, but lacked the confidence to bring them to Radiohead and felt they had a "distinct energy" that would be lost if they became a "hybrid product".[27][28] O'Brien's debut solo work, the non-album track "Santa Teresa", was released on 4 October, 2019. Stereogum described it as a "haunting" ambient instrumental in the style of Brian Eno and Fennesz.[29]

O'Brien's debut solo album, Earth, was released on 17 April 2020 on Capitol Records[30] to positive reviews.[31] It features the Radiohead bassist, Colin Greenwood, plus the drummer Omar Hakim, the Invisible members Nathan East and Dave Okumu, the folk singer Laura Marling, the Portishead guitarist Adrian Utley and the Wilco drummer Glenn Kotche.[32] The music was inspired by O'Brien's time living in Brazil and attending Carnival, which he described as a "musical eureka moment".[32] The first track, "Brasil", was released on 5 December 2019,[33] followed by "Shangri-La" on 6 February.[30] O'Brien began a North American tour in February 2020;[34] a larger Earth tour was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.[35]

O'Brien contributed a remix of Paul McCartney's song "Slidin'" to the 2021 remix album McCartney III Imagined.[36] In January 2024, O'Brien said he was "deep into" recording his second album.[37]

Other work

[edit]
O'Brien performing with 7 Worlds Collide, 2009

In 1999, O'Brien contributed to the soundtrack for the BBC drama series Eureka Street.[38] He contributed guitar to the 2003 Asian Dub Foundation album Enemy of the Enemy.[39] With Selway and other musicians, O'Brien toured and recorded with Neil Finn as part of the 7 Worlds Collide project. He provided guitar and backing vocals on their 2001 live album and the 2009 album The Sun Came Out.[40][41]

O'Brien is a founding director of the Featured Artists Coalition, a nonprofit organisation set up to protect the rights of featured musical artists, particularly in the digital age.[42] He appeared in a 2011 episode of the BBC Radio 5 Live sports programme Fighting Talk in support of Record Shop Day.[43] In 2013, O'Brien cofounded the Laundry, a workspace, restaurant and nightclub converted from a laundry in London Fields.[44] In 2019, Hackney Council announced that the building would be demolished to make way for luxury flats.[45]

In 2014, O'Brien and Selway signed an open letter protesting a ban on guitars in British prisons and stating that music was important for rehabilitation.[46] O'Brien worked with Fender to design a signature model guitar, the EOB Stratocaster, which went on sale in November 2017. It features a tremolo bridge and a sustainer pickup.[47] In 2018, he became an "informal patron" for the environmental pressure group Extinction Rebellion, which he described as "incredibly enlightened".[3]

In 2019, O'Brien joined the RSPB Let Nature Sing project, which aimed to get birdsong into the UK charts to raise awareness of the decline in Britain's birdlife.[48] In 2020, O'Brien contributed to Ear Opener, an online video course aimed at helping young people write music.[49] That November, he gave evidence to a DCMS Committee inquiry into the impact of streaming on the music industry. He said he wanted to speak for less successful artists, who he felt were exploited.[50]

Musicianship

[edit]
O'Brien performing with Radiohead in 2006

O'Brien said of his playing: "I literally learned to play my instrument within the band, so I started off very limited — and I'm still very limited. But I've been lucky, because I've been in a band that has not required you to be a virtuoso."[51] O'Brien also sings backing vocals, which Pitchfork described as Radiohead's "most consistent secret weapon".[52]

While Jonny Greenwood plays most of Radiohead's lead guitar parts, O'Brien often creates ambient effects, making extensive use of effects units.[53] He said of the technique: "It's a bit like you're creating a canvas. That would be in accompaniment with Thom playing chords on the piano — you're building up a cloud of effects behind."[17]

O'Brien usually plays Fender Stratocasters, including an Eric Clapton Stratocaster.[51] He also plays Gretsch and Rickenbacker guitars, including a twelve-string Rickenbacker.[51] O'Brien said in 2017 that his most used effects for Radiohead were distortion, an Electro-Harmonix Memory Man delay and a DigiTech Whammy pitch shifter.[17] He described the Boss DD-5 delay pedal as "key to the sound of The Bends and OK Computer ... It's the only delay that can make those OK Computer sounds."[54] In the Kid A sessions, at the suggestion of Michael Brook, the creator of the Infinite Guitar, O'Brien began using sustain units, which allow guitar notes to be sustained indefinitely. He combined these with looping and delay effects to create synthesiser-like sounds.[21]

To create the high-pitched chiming sound that introduces "Lucky", O'Brien strums above the guitar nut.[53] He creates the reverberating pops on the introduction of "2 + 2 = 5".[53] On "Karma Police", O'Brien distorts his guitar by driving a delay effect to self-oscillation, then lowering the delay rate, creating a "melting" effect.[55] The ambient track "Treefingers" was created by processing O'Brien's guitar loops.[21] On "Dollars and Cents", O'Brien uses a pitch shifter pedal to shift his guitar chords from minor to major.[56] For "All I Need", he used a sustain unit and a guitar strung with four bottom E strings, creating a thicker sound.[17] O'Brien uses the EBow, an electronic sustaining device, on his guitar to generate drones and ambient leads on songs such as "My Iron Lung", "Talk Show Host", "Jigsaw Falling Into Place", "Where I End and You Begin" and "Nude".[57] On The King of Limbs and A Moon Shaped Pool, he used a Klon Centaur overdrive pedal.[58]

In 2010, the Rolling Stone journalist David Fricke named O'Brien the 59th-greatest guitarist of all time.[53] In 2023, Rolling Stone named O'Brien and Greenwood the joint 43rd-greatest guitarists, writing that O'Brien was "possibly the most underrated guitarist in rock ... adding subtle textures that enhance each song and keeping the band grounded with his cheerful, up-for-anything vibe. You might not be able to name his best solo, but it's impossible to imagine Radiohead without him."[59]

Influences

[edit]

O'Brien's earliest guitar influence was Andy Summers of the Police, particularly his use of delay and chorus effects on "Walking on the Moon".[17] His other influences include Peter Buck of R.E.M, Paul Weller of the Jam, Johnny Marr of the Smiths, John McGeoch of Magazine and Siouxsie and the Banshees, and the Edge of U2.[17] O'Brien admired how these guitarists created "space" rather than playing conventional solos.[4] He said: "They were great guitarists, but they weren't lead guitarists ... My favourite guitarists know when not to play. Then you make more of it when you do play. Make it count."[17]

O'Brien cited the American band Phish as an influence on his solo shows, saying: "[They're] like a jazz band; they are willing to take risks for a moment of musical transcendence. That's what I'm after — I want to tap into that."[60] He cited the music of Brazil, such as the music of Carnival and Jorge Ben, as an influence on Earth. Other influences included Earth, Wind & Fire, Arcade Fire, Underworld, Bill Withers, Talking Heads and the "Celtic, folky" music of Led Zeppelin.[27]

Personal life

[edit]

O'Brien lives in north London.[61] With his wife, Susan Kobrin, he has a son, born in January 2004, and a daughter, born in 2006.[62][63] Around 2000, O’Brien gave up alcohol, saying it was "fucking him up", and began using meditation.[64] In 2011, he and his family moved to Brazil for a year, living on a farm near Ubatuba.[18] In March 2020, O'Brien announced that he had contracted COVID-19 and was recovering in isolation.[65]

Solo discography

[edit]

Studio albums

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List of studio albums, with selected chart positions and certifications
Title Details Peak chart positions
UK
[66] 		GER
[67] 		US
Sales
[68] 		US
Heat
[69]
Earth
  • Released: 17 April 2020
  • Label: Capitol Records
  • Formats: LP, CD, cassette, download
 13 94 19 8

Singles

[edit]
Title Year Peak chart positions Album
US
AAA
[70]
"Santa Teresa" 2019 — Non-album single
"Brasil" — Earth
"Shangri-La" 2020 5
"Olympik" —
"Cloak of the Night" —
"Slidin' (EOB Remix)" 2021 — McCartney III Imagined

See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Irvin, Jim; Hoskyns, Barney (September 1997). "We have lift-off!". Mojo (46).
  2. ^ Nolan, Paul. "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien on his brilliant solo album, COVID-19, climate change, Trump and his Irish roots". Hotpress.
  3. ^ a b c Monroe, Jazz (9 April 2020). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien: 'Humanity has only really learned from disaster'". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
  4. ^ a b tuntún, Al (2 September 2011). ""Uno tiene que encontrar su voz"". Al tuntún (in Spanish). Retrieved 15 June 2023.
  5. ^ McLean, Craig (14 July 2003). "Don't worry, be happy". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 25 December 2007.
  6. ^ "Ed O'Brien from Radiohead talks about the first time he jammed with Thom". BBC Radio 6 Music. 7 October 2016. Retrieved 8 October 2016.
  7. ^ "Radiohead". Abingdon School Archives. Archived from the original on 21 August 2024. Retrieved 21 August 2024.
  8. ^ Randall, Mac (1 April 1998). "The Golden Age of Radiohead". Guitar World.
  9. ^ Ross, Alex (20 August 2001). "The Searchers". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  10. ^ Binelli, Mark (7 February 2008). "The Future According to Radiohead". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  11. ^ Ross, Alex (20 August 2001). "The Searchers". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 16 March 2011.
  12. ^ "Jonny Greenwood - 100 Greatest Guitarists". Rolling Stone. 18 December 2015. Archived from the original on 1 March 2014. Retrieved 22 June 2016.
  13. ^ Randall, Mac (15 May 2015). "Radiohead's The Bends 20 years later: reexamining a modern rock masterpiece". Guitar World. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  14. ^ Reynolds, Simon (June 2001). "Walking on Thin Ice". The Wire (209).
  15. ^ "Q Magazine: The 100 Greatest British Albums of All Time - How many do you own? (Either on CD, Vinyl, Tape or Download)". List Challenges.
  16. ^ "Radiohead's OK Computer named best album of the past 25 years". Telegraph.co.uk. 22 December 2010.
  17. ^ a b c d e f g Astley-Brown, Michael; Laing, Rob (14 November 2017). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien: 'I was always drawn to sounds that didn't sound like the guitar'". MusicRadar. Retrieved 19 November 2017.
  18. ^ a b c d McLean, Craig (6 February 2020). "Radiohead guitarist Ed O'Brien steps up". The Face. Retrieved 8 February 2020.
  19. ^ Reynolds, Simon (July 2001). "Walking on Thin Ice". The Wire. Archived from the original on 4 February 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2007.
  20. ^ Cavanagh, David (October 2000). "I Can See The Monsters". Q.
  21. ^ a b c "Radiohead's Guitarist Created His Own Instrument and Helped Change the Band's Music". Esquire. 14 November 2017. Retrieved 14 November 2017.
  22. ^ "The Best You Can Is Good Enough: Radiohead vs. The Corporate Machine". PopMatters. 4 November 2010. Retrieved 6 September 2023.
  23. ^ a b Paytress, Mark (1 January 2008). "Chasing Rainbows". Mojo.
  24. ^ Jonathan, Emma. "BBC Worldwide takes exclusive Radiohead performance to the world". BBC. 3 May 2011. Retrieved 15 June 2011.
  25. ^ "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien and Phil Selway accept rock and roll hall of fame honour". Variety. 30 March 2019. Retrieved 2 December 2022.
  26. ^ Binelli, Mark (7 February 2008). "The Future According to Radiohead". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  27. ^ a b c Daniell, Mark (17 April 2020). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien on going solo: 'Something was missing'". Toronto Sun. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  28. ^ a b McLean, Craig (6 February 2020). "Radiohead guitarist Ed O'Brien steps up". The Face. Retrieved 14 February 2020.
  29. ^ Breihan, Tom (4 October 2019). "EOB (Ed O'Brien) – "Santa Teresa"". Stereogum. Retrieved 22 April 2024.
  30. ^ a b "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien Announces Debut Album, Shares New Song". Pitchfork. 6 February 2020. Retrieved 6 February 2020.
  31. ^ "Earth by EOB". Metacritic. Retrieved 18 April 2020.
  32. ^ a b Schatz, Lake (2 December 2019). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien to release debut solo album in 2020, new single "Brasil" coming this week". Consequence of Sound. Retrieved 3 December 2019.
  33. ^ "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien Shares Video for New Song "Brasil": Listen". Pitchfork. 5 December 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2019.
  34. ^ Trapunski, Richard (8 February 2020). "Review: Radiohead's Ed O'Brien played his first ever solo show in Toronto". NOW Magazine. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  35. ^ Richards, Will (26 April 2020). "Radiohead were planning to tour in 2021 before coronavirus outbreak". NME. Retrieved 31 May 2021.
  36. ^ Minsker, Evan (11 March 2021). "Paul McCartney Enlists Phoebe Bridgers, St. Vincent, Blood Orange, and More for McCartney III Imagined". Pitchfork. Retrieved 11 March 2021.
  37. ^ Fu, Eddie (2 January 2024). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien says he's 'deep into' next solo album". Consequence. Retrieved 5 January 2024.
  38. ^ "NEW HEAD OF BBC DRAMA | NME". NME | Music, Film, TV, Gaming & Pop Culture News. 3 May 1999. Retrieved 8 February 2021.
  39. ^ "Ed music?". NME. 24 April 2003. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  40. ^ Stosuy, Brandon (31 August 2009). "New 7 Worlds Collide (Ed O'Brien/Neil Finn/Jeff Tweedy/Johnny Marr) – 'Bodhisattva Blues'". Stereogum. Retrieved 20 November 2017.
  41. ^ Deusner, Stephen M. (28 September 2009). "7 Worlds Collide: The Sun Came Out". Pitchfork. Retrieved 29 September 2024.
  42. ^ Youngs, Ian (12 March 2009). "Music stars call for more power". BBC News.
  43. ^ "Music Special". Fighting Talk. BBC Radio 5 Live. 16 April 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2011.
  44. ^ Bartholomew, Emma; Sheridan, Ed (30 September 2019). "London Fields workspace and nightclub the Laundry could be demolished to make way for luxury flats". Hackney Gazette. Retrieved 30 September 2019.
  45. ^ Bergen, Molly (3 October 2019). "London Fields building to be demolished, Council decides". Hackney Post. Retrieved 27 April 2022.
  46. ^ Grow, Kory (29 April 2014). "Radiohead and Pink Floyd Members Petition to Keep Guitars in Prisons". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 30 May 2019.
  47. ^ Astley-Brown, Michael (14 November 2017). "Summer NAMM 2017: Fender launches Ed O'Brien Sustainer Stratocaster guitar". MusicRadar. Retrieved 13 July 2017.
  48. ^ "Ed O'Brien on the power of nature, his debut solo album, and what's next for Radiohead". www.nme.com. 16 April 2019.
  49. ^ "Brian Eno, Radiohead's Ed O'Brien, Lowkey and more teach online music masterclasses". NME. 15 September 2020. Retrieved 16 September 2020.
  50. ^ "Streaming payments 'threaten the future of music,' says Elbow's Guy Garvey". BBC News. 24 November 2020. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  51. ^ a b c "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien: Hail to the Texturalist". Premier Guitar. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  52. ^ Dombal, Ryan (16 March 2008). "Track reviews". Pitchfork. Archived from the original on 16 March 2008. Retrieved 19 November 2017.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  53. ^ a b c d Fricke, David (3 December 2010). "Ed O'Brien – 100 greatest guitarists: David Fricke's Picks". Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on 4 February 2013. Retrieved 24 August 2015.
  54. ^ Astley-Brown, Michael (29 December 2023). ""It's the only delay that can make those OK Computer sounds": Ed O'Brien explains why one BOSS pedal was integral to Radiohead's landmark '90s albums". Guitar World. Retrieved 30 December 2023.
  55. ^ Randall 2000, p. 224
  56. ^ Ross, Alex (20 August 2001). "The Rest Is Noise: The Searchers: Radiohead's unquiet revolution". The New Yorker. Archived from the original on 14 February 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-02.{{cite magazine}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
  57. ^ Brewster, Will (2 June 2020). "The Story of the EBow in 7 Tracks". Mixdown. Retrieved 27 September 2020.
  58. ^ Owen, Matt (26 May 2022). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien is selling his Klon Centaur and other effects for charity". Guitar World. Retrieved 13 December 2022.
  59. ^ Vozick-Levinson, Simon (13 October 2023). "The 250 Greatest Guitarists of All Time". Rolling Stone. Retrieved 14 October 2023.
  60. ^ Olson, Cathy Applefeld (17 April 2020). "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien on his Brazil-inspired solo debut Earth". Billboard. Retrieved 28 April 2024.
  61. ^ McLean, Craig (10 December 2007). "Radiohead: Caught in the flash". The Observer. London. Retrieved 8 November 2011.
  62. ^ "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien: Motherhood is the most taken for granted job and most men have no idea". Belfast Telegraph. 4 January 2018. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 12 January 2024.
  63. ^ Radiohead's interviews' archive (23 September 2016). "(2016/09/23) Virgin Radio, Edith Bowman, Ed". Archived from the original on 12 December 2021 – via YouTube.
  64. ^ "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien: "Cricket Was My Refuge"". Wisden. 31 August 2018. Retrieved 30 September 2018.
  65. ^ "Radiohead's Ed O'Brien says he "most probably" has coronavirus". NME. 23 March 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2020.
  66. ^ "EOB – Official Charts Company". Official Charts Company. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  67. ^ "Chartverfolgung / EOB" (in German). Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  68. ^ "Top Album Sales: May 2, 2020". Billboard. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  69. ^ "Heatseekers Albums: May 2, 2020". Billboard. Retrieved 2 July 2020.
  70. ^ "Adult Alternative Songs - July 4, 2020". Billboard. Retrieved 12 July 2020.

Notes

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